Leq world history - 2021 AP ® World History: Modern Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary Inside: Document-Based Question • Scoring Guideline • Student Samples • Scoring Commentary

 
The essay provides several examples that earned the first using evidence point, including naming of specific tribes (Ashanti), the goods traded for (guns), and evolving ethnic …. Huntsville antenna tv guide

The essay provides several examples that earned the first using evidence point, including naming of specific tribes (Ashanti), the goods traded for (guns), and evolving ethnic … “In the period 1900 to 2001, people and states around the world adopted political ideologies such as communism, fascism, or nationalism to challenge the existing political and/or social order. Develop an argument that evaluates how one or more of these political ideologies challenged the existing The AP World History exam readers will be looking for proficiency in the same four reporting categories they use to assess your DBQ response: Thesis/Claim, Contextualization, Evidence, and Analyzing and Reasoning. The readers use a rubric similar to the following to determine your raw score, which can range from 0-6. Reporting Category.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...General Douglas MacArthur. US occupation length. About 7 years (Sep. 2 1945- April 28, 1952)... San Francisco Peace Treaty Sep. 8, 1951 set end of occupation. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like ABC-1 Agreement, Executive Order 9066, Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) and more.AP World History: Modern 2022 Free-Response Questions Author: ETS Subject: Free-Response Questions from the 2022 AP World History: Modern Exam Keywords: World History: Modern; Free-Response Questions; 2022; exam resources; exam information; teaching resources; exam practice Created Date: 9/21/2021 3:12:31 PM2021 AP ® World History: Modern Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary Inside: Document-Based Question • Scoring Guideline • Student Samples • Scoring CommentaryThis AP World History BUNDLE is a great resource for helping your students in AP World History with correcting their responses for the DBQ (Document Based Question), LEQ (Long Essay Question), SAQ (Short Answer Question), as well as with correcting College Board style Multiple Choice questions.Question. Compare the role that religion played in increasing trade from 1200-1450, along TWO of the following trade routes: Silk Roads. Indian Ocean Trade Network. Trans-Saharan Trade Route. 🌍 Exam Skills study guides written by former AP World students to review Exam Skills with detailed explanations and practice questions.In today’s fast-paced digital world, online shopping has become the go-to method for purchasing goods and services. With just a few clicks, you can have your desired items delivere...DBQ, LEQ, & SAQ Rubrics Points Explained. 6 min read • written by Danna Esther Gelfand. Score Higher on AP World History 2024: MCQ Tips from Students. 8 min read. Score Higher on AP World History 2024: Tips for Short Answer Questions (SAQs) 7 min read. Score Higher on AP World History 2024: Tips for DBQs. 12 min read.The Crusades and Historical Motivation. Original free-response prompts for AP® World History: Modern that mimic the questions found on the real exam. Our expert authors also provide an exemplary response for each AP free response question so students can better understand what AP graders look for.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...The AP World History exam covers historical developments across the globe from 1200 C.E. to the present. The exam consists of two sections and must be completed within 3 hours and 15 minutes. Section I of the test is divided into Part A and Part B. Section IA is a 55-minute, 55-question multiple choice exam that asks students to respond to one ...French Revolution LEQ- AP World History. AP World History 100% (3) 3. Copy of Unit 1 Topic 1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam. AP World History 100% (26) 1. AP World LEQ 2 - The following is a sample of a long essay question that received exemplary feedback. AP World History 100% (5) 6. Silver Trade DBQ Practice.Are you a history buff looking to explore the world of history? Now, with live TV channel streaming, you can access a variety of history-focused channels from around the world. Fro...This LEQ Hotsheet is a great resource for students as they learn how to write an essay for the long essay question for AP World History. This reflects the updated redesign format includes all formats - causation, comparison, and change over time. The LEQ Hotsheet helps students break down the prompt and organize their essay.Resources from Heimler's History: To master all the WRITING SKILLS you need, get my ESSAY CRAM COURSE: +AP Essay CRAM Course (DBQ, LEQ, SAQ Help): https://bi...4.0 (1 review) What were some goods exchanged in Eurasia in 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E? Click the card to flip 👆. Imports: -luxury goods like gems, spices, silk, and other goods from India, Asia and China. Exports: -wine, wool/linen textiles, olive oil, salt, leather products, glass. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 54.AP World History: Modern. Exam Skills. LEQ Strategies - Slides. LEQ Strategies - Slides. february 26, 2019. Resources. 📑 Summary ⏳ Timestamps 📚 Resources. The LEQ is 15% of your exam score and you'll get 40 minutes to complete it. It's graded on a 6-point rubric based on your ability to effectively analyze a historical question.Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization Study Guide. C. 1750 - 1900. Topic 6.1 Rationales for Imperialism from 1750 to 1900. Learning Objective. Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments.Ap World History Leq Essay Examples, Thesisabout Advanced Guestbook 2.3.2, Scholarship Essays On Yourself, Illinois Homework Bill, Basic Outline For A Research Paper, Top Admission Paper Editor Sites Online, Someone Who Inspires You College Essay ...The rubrics for the AP History Document-Based Question (DBQ) and Long Essay Question (LEQ) have been modified for the 2017-18 school year, using feedback received from AP teachers and Readers and in tandem with recently announced changes to the Course and Exam Description for each course.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like SAQ: Apply the term "profits attract resources" to the reason why the Portuguese set out to find a route to Asia., SAQ: State and describe the technology the Portuguese used to help them make it to Asia and the role Chinese gunpowder played in the Portuguese goals in Asia., SAQ: What were Asian countries willing to accept from ...20th Century Review - Slides. Study guides & practice questions for 7 key topics in AP World Unit 2 – Networks of Exchange, 1200-1450.AP History Long Essay Question (LEQ) Rubric (6 points) THESIS/CLAIM. (0–1 pt) Responds to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis/claim that establishes a line of reasoning. To earn this point, the thesis must make a claim that responds to the prompt, rather than merely restating or rephrasing the prompt.WWII- even more destructive technology- airplanes, atomic bomb, rocketry. Analyze continuities in the relationship between Russia and the United States from 1900 to 1945. Never fought any physical battles. Analyze changes in the relationship between Russia and the United States from 1900 to 1945.AP World History: Modern Long Essay Question Strategy. The LEQ may be the most abstract prompt you encounter on the free-response section. It is therefore extra important to use the Kaplan Method in order to organize your ideas and logically think through your response. You must select one of the three LEQ prompts.Enclosed you will find 12 LEQ prompts that cover Period 3 of the AP World History Exam. The prompts are written in the most current "two part" approach, using the Key Concepts of the course as its guide for the questions. Also included are various ways to use the LEQ prompts in your classroom - all tested with great success. Total Pages. 4 ...APUSH Period 7 Review (1898-1945) 6 min read • december 21, 2021. In AP® US History, period 7 spans from 1898 to 1945 CE. The following guide will be updated periodically with hyperlinks to excellent resources. As you are reviewing for this era, focus on the key concepts and use the essential questions to guide you.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents 1-9. (The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.) Write your answer on the lined pages of the Section II free-response booklet. This question is designed to test your ability to work with and understand historical documents.Resources from Heimler's History: To master all the WRITING SKILLS you need, get my ESSAY CRAM COURSE: +AP Essay CRAM Course (DBQ, LEQ, SAQ Help): https://bi...® World History: Modern Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary Inside: Long Essay Question 2 ... LEQ 2 Sample 2A Page 1 of 3. LEQ 2 Sample 2A Page 2 of 3;2021 AP ® World History: Modern Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary Inside: Document-Based Question • Scoring Guideline • Student Samples • Scoring CommentaryThe Albert Team. Last Updated On: January 29, 2024. If you’re looking for an AP® World History score calculator, you’ve come to the right place. Try out our …AP W.H. Rubric for LEQ (Comp, Causation & CCOT) Essays - 6 Pts. Category Scoring Criteria What is needed to earn point(s) Thesis (1 Point) 1 pt. Responds to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis/claim that establishes a line of reasoning. To earn this point, the thesis must make a claim that responds to the prompt, rather than merely restating or rephrasing the prompt.ap world unit 3 leq. Who was Tamerlane? Click the card to flip 👆. - Invaded central asia and middle east. - Founded timurid empire. - Wanted to restore mongal empire. - He showed significance of gunpowder. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 46.• Typically, statements credited as evidence will be more specific than statements credited as contextualization. • If a response has a multipart argument, then it can meet the threshold of two pieces of evidence by giving one example for one part of the argument and4 AP® World History LEQ Tips and Test Taking Strategies. Understand and be comfortable with all forms of the LEQ: causation, comparison, or change and continuity over time questions. Just like with the DBQ, understand where your six points come from for the AP® World LEQ.1949. Harry Truman, United States president, inaugural address, Washington, DC, More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant.c) Explain ONE way in which changes in Eurasian societies’ subsistence patterns altered their political or social structures in the period circa 10,000 B.C.E. to 600 B.C.E. Answer all parts of the question that follows. 4. a) Identify ONE economic change in the period 1750–1900 that led to the formation of new elites.Title. 2021 AP Exam Administration Sample Student Responses - AP U.S. History Long Essay Question 4. Author. College Board. Subject. 2021 AP Exam Administration: Student Samples and Commentary. Keywords. The following question is based on the accompanying Documents 1-10. (The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.) Write your answer on the lined pages of the Section II free-response booklet. This question is designed to test your ability to work with and understand historical documents. State Expansion. Between 1750 and 1900, state power shifted in various parts of the world through a number of processes, including: Colonialism: European powers such as Britain, France, and Spain established colonies in many parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and the Americas.This process involved the displacement of indigenous populations, the imposition of European political and ...AP World History (McCormack) - Unit 6: Topic 6.3 - Indigenous Response to State Expansion from 1750 to 1900 Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (Imperialism and Migration), 1750-1900 HOMEway the "world revolution of Westernization" disrupted non-Western societies. Lastly, the question prompted students to explain a reason why historians in the late twentieth century reinterpreted Western Imperialism. The question primarily addressed Topics 6.3, 7.1., and 8.1 of the AP World History: Modern Course and Exam Description. 1A ...View ap18-world-history-leq4.pdf from MATH E.Q WHITE at Kahuta Institute of Professional Studies, Kahuta. 2018 AP World History Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary Inside: Long EssayThe AP World History exam is typically scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest score. The scoring process involves two main sections: Section I of the AP World History exam includes 55 multiple-choice ( MCQs) and three short-answer ( SAQs) questions and makes up 60% of the overall score. There is no penalty for wrong answers, so ...AP W.H. Rubric for LEQ (Comp, Causation & CCOT) Essays - 6 Pts. Category Scoring Criteria What is needed to earn point(s) Thesis (1 Point) 1 pt. Responds to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis/claim that establishes a line of reasoning. To earn this point, the thesis must make a claim that responds to the prompt, rather than merely restating or rephrasing the prompt.AP World History LEQ Example: Throughout 1200-1450, the Chinese caused significant alterations in the lifestyle of the western hemisphere. While not all innovations were detrimental in this political revision process, tactics such as the use of the civil service exam and invention of gunpowder are undoubtedly memorable occurrences when discussing Chinese history.An LEQ stands for a long essay question and a DBQ stands for a document based question. Both are essays that should require an introduction paragraph, 2 to 3 body paragraphs and a conclusion. For the LEQ, you would write extensive detail about one of the 3 essay prompts they give you, you would choose the topic you know the most information ...As of Sept. 2023, the College Board has updated the scoring rubric for the Advanced Placement (AP) History exams, including AP World History: Modern, AP United States History and AP European History. These revisions include changes to the Document-Based Question (DBQ) and the Long Essay Question (LEQ). Worth seven points and 25% of the exam...Like the document-based question, the long essay question (LEQ) also assesses your ability to develop an argument using historical evidence. This time, the emphasis is on explaining and analyzing significant issues in world history. In this section, you will answer one of three prompts, each of which focuses on different time periods.AP World History (McCormack) - Unit 8: Topic 8.4 - Spread of Communism after 1900. HOME; Topic 8.1 - Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization; ... LEQ Rubric. InSPECT Examples. Compare & Contrast Words. Other Reading. Remembering the Biggest Mass Murder in the History of the World. Essential Vocabulary.® World History: Modern Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary Inside: Long Essay Question 2 ... LEQ 2 Sample 2A Page 1 of 3. LEQ 2 Sample 2A Page 2 of 3;AP World History Heimler Review Guide ($24.99). The AP World Heimler Review Guide has everything you need to get an A in your AP World History class and get a 5 on the AP Exam in May, including exclusive review videos from Heimler, follow-along note guides with answer keys, practice multiple choice questions, and an AP-style practice exams.Unit 3: Land-Based Empires. c. 1450 - 1750. 12-15% of AP Exam. I make all of my resources available to AP World teachers. My website averages around 2,000 unique visitors each week. That's a lot of teachers utilizing my materials. I spend a considerable amount of time and energy creating these resources that I keep available freely.AP World History (McCormack) - Unit 5: Topic 5.8 - Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900. Unit 5: Revolutions, 1750-1900 . HOME; ... LEQ Rubric. InSPECT Examples. Compare & Contrast Words. Other Reading. Essential Vocabulary. Miscellaneous Links. Learning Objectives / CED.Whether history likes to admit it or not, Beyonce is right: Girls do run the world and have been for a long time. Despite adversity and challenges society has placed on them over t...c) Explain ONE way in which changes in Eurasian societies' subsistence patterns altered their political or social structures in the period circa 10,000 B.C.E. to 600 B.C.E. Answer all parts of the question that follows. 4. a) Identify ONE economic change in the period 1750-1900 that led to the formation of new elites.Step 2: Plan Your Response. Next, take time to plan your response. Focus on formulating a strong thesis, and check your plan against the six DBQ requirements. See the sample plan that a high-scoring writer might make. Scoring requirements are written in bold for reference; note that the writer includes six of the seven documents and plans to ...Dec 21, 2021 · **The AP World History exam was revised in 2017, so any questions from before then are not representative of the current exam format or rubric. You can still use prior questions to practice, however DBQs will have more than 7 documents, the LEQ prompts are worded differently, and the rubrics are completely different. In this video, we'll unpack a sample free-response question—FRQ (LEQ).Download questions here: https://tinyurl.com/bddsv75uStay motivated and keep preparing ...“In the period 1900 to 2001, people and states around the world adopted political ideologies such as communism, fascism, or nationalism to challenge the existing political and/or …15.4%. 55.0%. Over the last few years, the passing rate for the AP® World History exam has been above 50%. Of those who took the exam, however, only around 28% received a 4 or better, and typically less than 10% of test takers received a 5. In 2023, there was a higher number of students earning a 5 than usual.AP World History Score Calculator (Continued) By the time of the exam, you’ll most likely have completed nine AP World History units, which cover four major time periods from 1200 to the present. Unit 1: The Global Tapestry, c. 1200-1450 (8-10% of exam score) Unit 2: Networks of Exchange, c. 1200-1450 (8-10% of exam score)® World History: Modern Sample Student Responses and Scoring Commentary Inside: Long Essay Question 4 ... LEQ 4 Sample 4A Page 1 of 2: LEQ 4 Sample 4A Page 2 of 2; LEQ 4 Sample 4B Page 1 of 1; LEQ 4 Sample 4C Page 1 of 1; AP ...AP World History: Modern Exam This is the regularly scheduled date for the AP World History: Modern Exam. Details Add to Calendar. About the Units. The course content outlined below is organized into commonly taught units of study that provide one possible sequence for the course. Your teacher may choose to organize the course content ...The AP World History Exam tests a high school student's understanding of modern global historical events and processes ranging from c. 1200 CE to the present. Lasting about three hours, it consists of a multiple choice section worth 40% of one's score and a writing section split up into multiple sub-sections that consists of the other 60%.The Long Essay Question (LEQ) asks students to formulate a thesis/argument in response to a prompt about a particular historical development or episode in European history. In 2019 each LEQ asked students to determine the most significant effects of historical events or processes in European history.AP World LEQ Practice. may 15, 2019. Amanda DoAmaral. Resources. 📑 Summary ⏳ Timestamps. Practicing the long essay question to help you earn all 6 points! AP World LEQ Practice. may 15, 2019. Amanda DoAmaral. Resources. 📑 Summary ⏳ Timestamps.The Heimler Review Guide for AP World, APUSH, AP Euro, AP Human Geography, and AP Government has everything you need to get an A in your class and a five on your exam in May. AP Essay Cram Course. Writing AP History essays (DBQ, LEQ, and SAQ) can be enormously frustrating if you don't know how they're scored.None idea where to get whereas it upcoming to preparing for yours SAQs, DBQs, or LEQs? In this post, we'll go beyond adenine 5-step plan and 37 test taking tips.Spend at least 30 minutes studying every day in the month leading up to the exam. It may feel excessive, but studying is vital to success on this exam. The DBQ and LEQ are done together in 1 hour and 40 minutes. Remember to pace yourselves; you have 50/50 for each composition.View LEQ_AP_World_History from HISTORY MISC at Lyman High School. Ella Snyder LEQ 1. In the period 1200 C.E to 1450 C.E, the development of complex trade networks had significant economic and ... AP WORLD HISTORY 1111111111. Review_Packet_1. Solutions Available. Ardrey Kell High. AP WORLD HISTORY 101. HIUS 221 - Mindtap - 1.4 Technology and ...AP World History Unit 2 LEQ Prompts (Pt. 2) 54 terms. leahalkin. Preview. Vocab Words: Week 7-9 (10th) 15 terms. haigall26. Preview. AP WORLD UNIT 2 LEQ PROMPTS. 11 terms. mialanaeee. Preview. On level World History Era 4 Exam Review . 18 terms. KS-2009. Preview. Ap World LEQ Prompt Examples. 13 terms. Katie-White55. Preview. 10/12 history quiz ...• Explaining the nuance of an issue by analyzing multiple factors or by considering diverse or alternative perspectives or evidence, such as constructing an argument that complex processesFrench Revolution LEQ- AP World History. AP World History 100% (3) 3. Copy of Unit 1 Topic 1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam. AP World History 100% (26) 1. AP World LEQ 2 - The following is a sample of a long essay question that received exemplary feedback. AP World History 100% (6) 6. Silver Trade DBQ Practice.Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization Study Guide. C. 1750 - 1900. Topic 6.1 Rationales for Imperialism from 1750 to 1900. Learning Objective. Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900. Historical Developments.Step 2: Plan Your Response. Next, take time to plan your response. Check your plan against the long essay question requirements. See the sample plan that a high-scoring writer might make; scoring requirements are written in bold for reference. Step 3: Action! Write Your Response & Step 4: Proofread.The AP World LEQ - TomRichey.net. The College Board has released revised LEQ rubric guidelines for the AP World History that will take effect immediately for the 2017-2018 academic year. I have revised my rubric to meet the new guidelines and am providing other resources to help teachers implement the new format.AP World History: Modern. Exam Skills. LEQ Strategies - Slides. LEQ Strategies - Slides. february 26, 2019. Resources. 📑 Summary ⏳ Timestamps 📚 Resources. The LEQ is 15% of your exam score and you'll get 40 minutes to complete it. It's graded on a 6-point rubric based on your ability to effectively analyze a historical question.

WORLD HISTORY 2017 SCORING GUIDELINES Short Answer Question 2 Use the passage below to answer all parts of the question that follows. "First and most important in the early modern era [1450-1750 C. E.] is the intensified human land use in every world region. Rising human numbers put increasing pressure on the land. Almost invariably [human]. Hingham shipyard movie theater showtimes

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7.6 Causes of World War II. Prep for the AP exam with questions that mimic the test! Unlike its predecessor, World War II didn't start because of the assassination of a significant leader, thankfully. However, we can pinpoint its spark to both recurring and new causes alike. Some of them are similar to the causes of WWI, such as militarism ...AP World DBQ Contextualization and Thesis Practice. Practicing DBQ prompts is a great way to prep for the AP exam! Review practice writing samples of the opening paragraph of a DBQ and corresponding feedback from Fiveable teachers Melissa Longnecker, Eric Beckman, and Evan Liddle.AP World LEQ Practice. may 15, 2019. Amanda DoAmaral. Resources. 📑 Summary ⏳ Timestamps. Practicing the long essay question to help you earn all 6 points! AP World LEQ Practice. may 15, 2019. Amanda DoAmaral. Resources. 📑 Summary ⏳ Timestamps.AP World History: Modern Exam This is the regularly scheduled date for the AP World History: Modern Exam. Details Add to Calendar. About the Units. The course content outlined below is organized into commonly taught units of study that provide one possible sequence for the course. Your teacher may choose to organize the course content ...The AP World History exam is 3 hours and 15 minutes long. Section I is 1 hour and 35 minutes long and consists of 55 multiple-choice questions and 3 short-answer questions. Section II is 1 hour and 40 minutes long and consists of one document-based question (DBQ) and one long essay question (LEQ).French Revolution LEQ- AP World History. AP World History 100% (3) 3. Copy of Unit 1 Topic 1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam. AP World History 100% (26) 1. AP World LEQ 2 - The following is a sample of a long essay question that received exemplary feedback. AP World History 100% (5) 6. Silver Trade DBQ Practice.Short Answer Question 3. Answer all parts of the question that follows. a) Identify and explain ONE way in which industrialization in the period circa 1750-1900 can be considered an economic turning point in global history. b) Identify and explain ONE way in which industrialization in the period circa 1750-1900 can be considered a political ...AP World History DBQ / LEQ Practice--- DBQ / LEQ Practice via revision of "bad" Context and Thesis sentences Example Evaluate the extent to which Christianity changed societies in Latin America in the period of 1550 - 1800. BAD sentences Your Written Response Context Sentence 1 Snapshot what is going on "prior to" the promptWhat is an LEQ? Before we dive into the length of an LEQ, let's first define what it is. An LEQ is one of the three types of essays on the AP World History exam. It requires students to write a well-organized essay that analyzes historical evidence and supports an argument or thesis statement. The LEQ is worth 15% of your overall score on the ...AP World History. Unit 3: c. 1450-1750. Land-Based Empires. Main Ideas of the Unit: Various land-based empires emerged, and they all used common themes of tax-collection, monumental art & architecture, religion, military elites, bureaucracies, and gunpowder to expand & legitimize their rule ...Enclosed you will find 12 LEQ prompts that cover Period 3 of the AP World History Exam. The prompts are written in the most current “two part” approach, using the Key Concepts of the course as its guide for the questions. Also included are various ways to use the LEQ prompts in your classroom - all tested with great success. Total Pages. 4 ...We partner with top-notch educators like Heimler's History, Jacob Clifford, Mr. Sinn, Flipping Physics, and more. Our collaboration with these esteemed content creators ensures that every answer you receive is not only accurate but also explained in a way that's easy to understand. We're continually expanding our network of teachers to provide ...AP® WORLD HISTORY 2018 SCORING GUIDELINES Short Answer Question 1 (continued) Scoring Notes Examples of responses to part (a) that would earn credit: • The Nazi Holocaust is an example of mass violence committed by a totalitarian state. • The genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge is an example of mass violence ….

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